Cypermethrin is an antiparasitic active ingredient used in veterinary medicine in livestock and pets against external parasites (lice, mites, fleas, fliesticks, etc.). It is also used against agricultural and household pests. It belongs to the chemical class of the synthetic pyrethroids.

Common name: CYPERMETHRIN

Other names: ALPHAMETHRIN, BETA-CYPERMETHRIN, ZETA-CYPERMETHRIN, CYPERMETHRIN HIGH-CIS
Type: pesticide
Chemical class: synthetic pyrethroid

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Molecular structure of CYPERMETHRIN

 

 

 


EFFICACY AGAINST PARASITES

Type of action: Broad spectrum contact, non systemic ectoparasiticide: insecticide, acaricide, tickicide, louisicide, larvicide
Main veterinary parasites controlled: flies, ticks, mites, lice, fleas, mosquitoes, etc.

Efficacy against a specific parasite depends on the delivery form and on the dose administered. National regulatory authorities determine whether a product is approved for a given indication, i.e. use on a particular host at a specific dose and against a specific parasite. Check the labels of the products available in your country.

Click here for general information on features and characteristics of PARASITICIDES.


DOSING

Click here to view the article in this site with the most common dosing recommendations for cypermethrin used in domestic animals.


SAFETY

Oral LD50, rat, acute*:  250 - 4150 mg/kg depending on the vehicle
Dermal LD50, rat, acute*: >4920 mg/kg
* These values refer to the active ingredient. Toxicity has to be determined for each formulation as well. Formulations are usually significantly less toxic than the active ingredients.

WARNING: Most synthetic pyrethroids are toxic for cats!

MRL (maximum residue limit) set for animal tissues (e.g. beef, mutton pork or chicken)*:

  • CODEX: Yes
  • EU: Yes
  • USA: Yes
  • AUS: Yes

* This information is an indicator of the acceptance of an active ingredient by the most influential regulatory bodies for use on livestock. MRL's for animal tissues may be set also for agricultural pesticides that are not approved for use on animals but are used on commodities fed to animals. A MRL may be also set in the form of an IMPORT TOLERANCE for active ingredients not approved in a particular country but approved for imported animal commodities.

Withholding periods for meat, milk, eggs, etc. depend on delivery form, dose and national regulations. Check the product label in your country.

Learn more about cypermethrin safety.

General information on the safety of veterinary antiparasitics is available in specific articles in this site (click to visit):

WARNING

Never useagricultural or hygiene products with this or any other active ingredient on livestock or pets, even if there are veterinary products with this same active ingredient approved for use on animals. The formulations for agricultural or hygiene use are different and may be toxic for livestock or pets.

It is obvious that veterinary products are not intended for and should never be used on humans!!!


MARKETING & USAGE

Decade of introduction: 1970
Introduced by: SHELL, ICI, CIBA-GEIGY
Some original brands: BARRICADE, STOCKADE, ECTOMIN, FLECTRON
Patent: Expired (particular formulations may be still patent-protected)

Use in LIVESTOCK: Yes, MASSIVE: cypermethrin is the ectoparasiticide most used on livestock worldwide.
Use in HORSES: Yes, abundant
Use in
DOGS: Abundant
Main delivery forms: 

Use in human medicine: No
Use in
public/domestic hygiene: Yes
Use in
agriculture: Yes
Generics available: 
Yes, NUMBERLESS


PARASITE RESISTANCE

Visit also the section in this site about parasite resistance to antiparasitics and more specifically to cypermethrin.


SPECIFIC FEATURES

Cypermethrin is the ectoparasiticide most used in livestock worldwide. It is the generic ectoparasiticide par excellence. There are thousands of products, mainly dipssprays and pour-ons. It is much less used in dogspermethrin is often preferred in dogs.

There are also many mixtures: with amitraz, organophosphates, carbamates, insect development inhibitors, etc. Many products contain also synergists

Cypermethrin used in veterinary products can be of different "qualities" regarding the content of various optic isomers (cis or trans) that show different efficacy against parasites. You can learn more about such mixtures of various optic isomers in the article on synthetic pyrethroids. Some brands praise a high content of such active isomers: high-cis cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, etc. For most users, it often doesn't make any difference regarding efficacy, because if one product uses a mixture with more of the most effective isomers, it will be used at a lower concentration than a product using a mixture with less effective isomers. However, some isomers are significantly more toxic than other ones, and this can negatively influence the tolerance of livestock or pets to a particular product.

Efficacy of cypermethrin

Cypermethrin is an ectoparasiticide, i.e. active only against external parasites such as flies, ticks, mites, lice, fleas, mosquitoes, etc. It can be considered as a broad-spectrum generalist, i.e. quite good against almost all insects, ticks and mites, but not outstanding against a particular parasite. It is certainly less efficient against multi-host ticks (e.g. Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Dermacentor, etc.) than several other tickicides (e.g. amitraz, chlorfenvinphos, coumaphos, flumethrin, etc.).

As most synthetic pyrethroids, cypermethrin is a mediocre larvicide, i.e. it is often not a good option for the large-scale prevention of cutaneous myiases (e.g. screwworms, blowfly strike, etc.) with sprays, pour-ons, etc. However cypermethrin is often included in dressings for the therapeutic treatment on animal injuries already infected with fly maggots.

Cypermethrin, as well as many other synthetic pyrethroids has a significant repellent effect on certain insects and ticks, which strongly depends on the delivery form and the dose administered.

However, resistance to cypermethrin is widespread and can be very high in cattle ticks (Boophilus spp), horn flies (Haematobia irritans), red poultry mites (Dermanyssus gallinae), sheep lice (Damalinia ovis), houseflies (Musca domestica), dog and cat fleas (Ctenocephalides spp) and mosquitoes. As a consequence, products with cypermethrin are already totally useless against these important parasites in many places. The same applies to all other synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. deltamethrin, flumethrin, permethrin, etc.). And this is true for whatever delivery form: dipping, spraying, pour-ons, ear-tags, shampoos, soaps, etc.

Pharmacokinetics of cypermethrin

Topically administered cypermethrin remains mostly on the hair-coat of the treated animals and is very poorly absorbed through the skin. In contrast with natural pyrethrins and older synthetic pyrethroids cypermethrin is quite resistant to UV-light, which allows a residual effect between 5 and 10 days for most sprays and dips.

Treated animals can ingest cypermethrin through licking or grooming. A large amount of it is excreted unchanged through the feces. About 15% to 60% of the ingested cypermethrin can be absorbed to blood. The absorbed cypermethrin is quickly metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites that are excreted through urine. This is done by a specific enzyme called glucuronidase. However, cats lack this enzyme and cannot metabolize synthetic pyrethroids. This is why most synthetic pyrethroids are toxic to cats.

As a general rule cypermethrin products are approved for use on dairy animals and on laying hens in many countries.

Mechanism of action of cypermethrin

Synthetic pyrethroids, including cypermethrin, have a similar mechanism of action as organochlorines. They act on the membrane of nerve cells blocking the closure of the ion gates of the sodium channel during re-polarization. This strongly disrupts the transmission of nervous impulses. At low concentrations insects suffer from hyperactivity. At high concentrations they are paralyzed and die.

Click here to view the list of all technical summaries of antiparasitic active ingredients in this site.