Brand: VETRAZIN ® Liquid
Company: NOVARTIS - ELANCO
FORMULATION: concentrate for topical administration to sheep by «dipping», «jetting» or «dressing»
ACTIVE INGREDIENT(S): cyromazine 500 g/L (= 50%)
CHEMICAL CLASS of the active ingredient(s): insect growth regulator (= IGR, triazine)
INDICATIONS: SHEEP
PARASITES CONTROLLED* (spectrum of activity)
* Country-specific differences may apply: read the product label.
- For the prevention of blowfly strike in sheep, incl. lambs.
- Length of protection:
- Australia up to 14 weeks
- New Zealand up to 12 weeks
RECOMMENDED DOSE*
* Can be slightly different in some countries: read the product label!
Dilution rate is 2mL of Vetrazin per 1 L water (1:500), equivalent to 1000 ppm (parts per million) = mg/L.
- Use only on sheep with at least 6 weeks of wool.
- It is important that sufficient wash is applied to ensure efficacy. Generally 2-4 litres per sheep are required depending on length of wool.
- Replenish dips at the same rate of 2mL/1L of water. This product does not strip.
- If a second treatment is required during a season, it should be applied less than 14 weeks after the first.
- This product DOES NOT contain a bacteriostat. For control of post-dipping infections, a registered bacteriostat should be added at the manufacturer’s recommended rate.
- The period of protection may be diminished if used in jetting races or with heavy rain following application.
Read the product label for further details on dosing and administration.
SAFETY
- LD50 (acute oral) in rats: 3387 mg/kg for the active ingredient (source: MSDS). Estimate for the formulation: >5000 mg/kg.
- LD50 (acute dermal) in rats: >3100 mg/kg mg/kg for the active ingredient (source: MSDS). Estimate for the formulation: >5000 mg/kg.
- Estimated hazard class according to the WHO classification of pesticides for cyromazine: U, unlikely to present acute hazard
Suspected poisoning? Read the article on cyromazine safety in this site.
Withholding periods (=withdrawal times) for meat, milk & wool (country-specific differences may apply: read the product label)
- Meat: Australia 7 days (ESI 21 days); New Zealand 7 days.
- Milk for human consumption: Australia not approved. New Zealand: discard milk for 35 days following treatment.
- Wool: Australia & New Zealand 2 months.
WARNING !!!: Never use on humans, dogs or cats.
You may be interested in the following articles in this site dealing with the general safety of veterinary products:
- Safety for humans
- Safety for domestic animals
- Safety for the environment
- Hazard classifications of pesticides
RESISTANCE PREVENTION
Risk of resistance? LOW, mainly in Australia.
- Organochlorines (e.g. DDT, dieldrin): introduced in 1946 in Australia, field resistance detected in 1957. Withdrawn for safety reasons in the 1970s.
- Organophosphates (e.g. diazinon, malathion): introduced in 1957 in Australia, field resistance detected in 1965. Withdrawn for safety reasons in the mid 2000s.
- Benzoylphenyl ureas (e.g. diflubenzuron): introduced in 1993 in Australia, field resistance detected in 2001. Claim for blowfly strike prevention removed in 2008. Since then approved only for lice control.
First cases of blowfly field resistance to the mentioned chemical classes appeared usually about 10 years after product introduction. Other chemical classes such as synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. cypermethrin) and macrocyclic lactones (e.g. ivermectin) have been used only marginally for blowfly strike prevention during these years, i.e. it can be assumed that the selection pressure on blowflies exerted by chemicals of these two classes has been rather low.
It is now about 35 years since the introduction of the first cyromazine product (VETRAZIN Liquid for dipping and jetting) in the late 1970s, and so far only one case of light tolerance in the field (Nimmitabel) has been reported in 2011 for Lucilia cuprina in Australia. However, even in the affected properties the product still accomplished its label claims. Tolerant flies exhibited a Resistance Factor (RF) of about 3, meaning that a three-fold concentration of cyromazine was required to kill the tolerant maggots when compared with the susceptible ones. RFs for organochlorines, organophosphates and/or benzoylphenyl ureas can reach more than 100, which means that more than a hundred-fold concentration of these compounds is required to kill resistant flies when compared with susceptible flies.
The reasons for this unexpected behavior of cyromazine regarding resistance are not completely elucidated. It may be related to the fact that the organochlorines, organophosphates and benzoylphenyl ureas were mostly used twice a year (once against blowfly strike prevention, once against lice), whereas cyromazine is usually used only once a year, which results in a lower selection pressure. It has also been also proposed that the gene mutations that confer resistance to cyromazine are not completely dominant, and that the cyromazine-tolerant flies have little biological advantage over the susceptible ones. These factors together make it difficult for the cyromazine-tolerant flies to multiply and become predominant in the fly population.
To our knowledge no reports on resistance or tolerance of blowflies (Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata) to cyromazine have been reported in New Zealand, UK (and other EU-countries) or South Africa, regions where cyromazine has been also vastly used against blowfly strike for decades.
Alternative chemical classes/active ingredients to prevent resistance of blowflies through product rotation:
- Organophosphates (mainly diazinon). High blowfly resistance in Australia already. Withdrawn in Australia.
- Synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. α-cypermethrin). Short protection periods.
- Macrocyclic lactones (mainly ivermectin). Not available in all countries for blowfly strike prevention.
- Spinosad. Short protection periods. Not available in all countries for blowfly strike prevention.
- Benzoylphenyl ureas (mainly diflubenzuron, triflumuron). No more approved for blowfly strike prevention in Australia due to high resistance.
These alternative products may not be available in all countries, or may not be available for dipping, jetting or dressing.
Learn more about resistance and how it develops.
MARKETING
Are the active ingredients of this product ORIGINAL* or GENERICS**?
- GENERICS
*Meaning that they are still patent protected and generics are not yet available
**Meaning that they have lost patent protection and may be acquired from manufacturers of generic active ingredients other than the holder of the original patent.
COUNTRIES where this brand/product is marketed: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
GENERIC BRANDS available? YES, quite a few ones in Australia and New Zealand.
Click here to learn more about GENERIC vs. ORIGINAL drugs.
Click here for an overview on the most used antiparasitic BRANDS with concentrates for dipping, spraying, or jetting.
COMMENTS
VETRAZIN LIQUID for sheep was developed by CIBA-GEIGY (later NOVARTIS, now ELANCO) in the late 1970s as its first and original cyromazine formulation for dipping and spraying sheep against blowfly strike. In the 1990s CIBA-GEIGY introduced its ready-to-use cyromazine formulation, VETRAZIN Spray-on/Pour-on, first in the UK and later on elsewhere.
Cyromazine is a so-called Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) belonging to the group of the Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI). It was introduced in the late 1970s (by CIBA-GEIGY → NOVARTIS → ELANCO). It is narrow-spectrum larvicide. It is abundantly used in sheep, moderately in poultry, marginally in horses, but not in other livestock or pets. It is also moderately used in agricultural pesticides.
Cyromazine is a so-called Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) belonging to the group of the Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI). Chitin is a component of the cuticle of insects, which is an essential part of their outer skeleton. If chitin is not properly produced, fly maggots die when they attempt the next molt. However, cyromazine does not really inhibit chitin synthesis, but interferes with its correct deposition. The consequence is the same: Fly maggots cannot complete molting and die. Other CSIs such as the benzoylphenyl ureas (BPUs, e.g. diflubenzuron, triflumuron) do actually inhibit chitin synthesis. But whereas BPUs exert this effect an almost all insects, cyromazine is quite specific for Dipterans (flies, mosquitoes) and some beetles. This makes it much less harmful for the environment, but also ineffective against other sheep pests such as lice. Most IGRs have no lethal effect on adult insects.
As all IGRs, cyromazine does not immediately kill the fly maggots (larvae), i.e. it has no knockdown effect. Larvae will die at their next attempt to molt to the next developmental stage, which may take 1-4 days to occur, depending on age of the maggots at the time of treatment, humidity, temperature, etc. For this reason, cyromazine and other IGRs are usually not used for curing established strikes, but for preventing their development by killing the very small first-stage larvae that hatch out of the eggs deposited by the adult flies on the wool.
Cyromazine is quite soluble in water, in contrast with many other parasiticides that are rather lipophilic. This means that heavy rains may significantly shorten the length of protection of this and other cyromazine-based products.
DISCLAIMER
This article IS NOT A PRODUCT LABEL. It offers complementary information that may be useful to veterinary professionals and users that are not familiar with veterinary antiparasitics.
Information offered in this article has been extracted from publications issued by manufacturers, government agencies (e.g. EMEA, FDA, USDA, etc.) or in the scientific literature. No guarantee is given on its accuracy, integrity, sufficiency, actuality and opportunity, and any liability is denied. Read the site's DISCLAIMER.
In case of doubt contact the manufacturer or a veterinary professional.