Brand: WARRIOR ™ Insecticide Ear-Tag
Company: Y-TEX
DELIVERY FORM: «ear-tag» to be applied to the front or back of the ear.
ACTIVE INGREDIENT(S) & WEIGHT
- diazinon: 30%
- chlorpyrifos: 10%
- tag weight: 15 g
CHEMICAL CLASS of the active ingredient(s): organophosphate
INDICATIONS: CATTLE (beef & dairy)
PARASITES CONTROLLED* (spectrum of activity)
* Country-specific differences may apply: read the product label.
- Horn flies (Haematobia irritans irritans ) & buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans exigua).
- Gulf coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) & spinose ear ticks (Otobius megnini) (not in Australia).
- Biting & sucking lice (Bovicola bovis, Solenopotes capillatus, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli)
- Aids in the control of face flies (Musca autumnalis), stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) & houseflies (Musca domestica).
RECOMMENDED DOSE*
* Country-specific differences may apply: read the product label.
Summer Season:
- Apply 1 tag per animal to control horn flies (buffalo flies in Australia) flies for 3-4 months, control lice and aid in control of face flies.
- Apply 2 tags per animal (1 in each ear) for optimum control of horn flies (buffalo flies in Australia), lice, Gulf Coast ticks and spinose ear ticks for up to 5 months.
- Two tags per animal also provides substantial reductions of face flies and aids in control of stable flies and houseflies. Apply when pests appear.
Winter Season:
- Apply 1 new tag per animal in late fall to early winter to control biting and sucking lice. Kills biting lice and most sucking lice within 2 weeks. Protects from lice reinfestation for 2-3 months.
- Apply new tags in spring for fly and tick control. Replace as necessary.
All animals in the herd should be tagged.
Remove used tags at end of fly and lice seasons.
SAFETY
- LD50 (acute oral) in rats: >500 mg/kg (for the tag, according to MSDS)
- LD50 (acute dermal) in rabbits: >5050 mg/kg (for the tag, according to MSDS)
Suspected poisoning? Read the articles on diazinon safety and chlorpyrifos safety in this site.
Withholding periods (=withdrawal times) in days for meat & milk (country-specific differences may apply: read the product label)
- Meat: USA & Australia: NIL.
- Milk for human consumption: USA & Australia NIL.
You may be interested in the following articles in this site dealing with the general safety of veterinary products:
- Safety for humans
- Safety for domestic animals
- Safety for the environment
- Hazard classifications of pesticides
RESISTANCE PREVENTION
Risk of resistance? YES, resistance of horn & buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans) to organophosphates has been reported in several countries. However, resistance to synthetic pyrethroids is much more abundant and stronger, and it has been shown that pyrethroid-resistant horn flies are particularly susceptible to diazinon.
This means that if this product does not achieve the expected efficacy against the mentioned parasites, it can be due to resistance and not to incorrect use, which is usually the most frequent cause of product failure.
Alternative chemical classes/active ingredients to prevent resistance of external parasites through product rotation:
- Macrocyclic lactones (e.g. abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin, etc.) only as pour-ons. Injectables and drenches are ineffective against most external parasites.
- Synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, etc.). However, horn & buffalo flies have developed resistance to these compounds in many regions.
These alternative products may not be available in all countries, or may not be available as ear-tags, or may not be effective against all the concerned parasites.
As already mentioned, it has been shown that horn flies resistant to synthetic pyrethroids are particularly susceptible to diazinon. For this reason rotating each year between these two chemical classes is a reasonable strategy to prevent or at least delay resistance development. Even better is to add a macrocyclic lactone (abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin, etc.) into the rotation scheme, because the mechanism of action of these compounds is different from those of organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids. Most macrocyclic lactones are available as pour-ons for the control of horn flies, a few ones also as ear-tags. Macrocyclic lactones formulated as injectables and drenches do not control flies or other external parasites.
Learn more about resistance and how it develops.
MARKETING
Are the active ingredients of this product ORIGINAL* or GENERICS**?
- GENERICS
*Meaning that they are still patent protected and generics are not yet available
**Meaning that they have lost patent protection and may be acquired from manufacturers of generic active ingredients other than the holder of the original patent.
COUNTRIES where this brand/product is marketed: USA, Australia
GENERIC BRANDS available? YES, perhaps not with the same diazinon + chlorpyrifos combination, but with comparable organophosphates.
Click here to learn more about GENERIC vs. ORIGINAL drugs.
For an overview and a list of the most used insecticide-impregnated ear-tags click here.
COMMENTS
WARRIOR Insecticide Ear-tag for Cattle from Y-TEX is one of the numerous insecticide-impregnated ear-tags for the control of flies & lice on cattle.
Diazinon is a veteran organophosphate pesticide introduced by Ciba-Geigy in the 1950s. Chlorpyrifos is another veteran pesticide introduced by DOW in the 1970s. Both have a broad-spectrum of efficacy against numerous insects, ticks and mites. They were vastly used till the 1990s in Animal Health, Crop Protection as well as in Public and Domestic Hygiene. Since than they have been vastly replaced by more modern pesticides in numerous countries.
Insecticide-impregnated ear-tags are designed to slowly release the insecticide into the animals hair-coat to ensure protection for months. Whether most of the insecticide is released at the beginning and only a little at the end, or release is homogeneous depends on the composition of the matrix and the behavior of the active ingredient(s) in it. However, after 2 to 3 months the amount released progressively decreases to drop below the amount that is required to ensure full fly control. This means that at a certain point flies and other parasites may be exposed to sub-lethal doses, which is generally considered as a factor that favors resistance development. For this reason the tags should be removed after 3-4 months following the manufacturer's use recommendations, and either replaced by new ones or the animals should be left untagged.
Once the active ingredient is released, efficacy strongly depends on the spreading of the active ingredient(s) along the animal's hair coat to other parts of the body. This depends on factors such as solubility of the active ingredient in the hair and skin lipids. Persistence in the hair-coat depends on other features of the active ingredient(s) such as volatility, resistance to sunlight, solubility in water, etc. As a general rule, some body parts will get less active ingredient than other parts and protection there will be lower, e.g. the legs, the underbelly, the udders, below the tail, etc. Animal behavior (licking, grooming, rubbing, etc.) plays a role as well. It has been shown, that if only half of the animals in a herd are tagged, those untagged will also be protected against flies, indicating that part of the active ingredient is transferred from tagged to untagged animals. However, this also means that tagged animals will lose part of the active ingredient and protection will be shorter and/or control will be poorer. For this reason all animals in a herd should be tagged because this reduces the impact of animal behavior in efficacy and protection. However, since individual animal behavior plays a role in efficacy and length of protection, it must be accepted that protection will not always be the same in all the animals in a herd.
All organophosphate pesticides were developed in the 1950s-1970s and are basically contact insecticides. This means that when the parasite comes in contact with it (e.g., during the blood meal, after landing on a treated host, etc), the active ingredient that impregnates the host's hair coat penetrates through the cuticle of the parasite (the "skin" of insects and other arthropods) into its organism and disturbs essential biological processes in the parasite's body, in this case its nervous system.
After topical administration to livestock or other animals, organophosphates do not have a systemic mode of action, i.e. they are not transmitted to the parasite through the blood or the host. Topically administered organophosphates are very poorly absorbed through the skin of the hosts, and what is absorbed is quickly broken down and/or excreted. Consequently the concentration reached in the blood is too low to kill blood-sucking parasites.
Control of susceptible (i.e. non-resistant) horn & buffalo flies is usually excellent, because they spend most of their time on cattle and thus are exposed to the insecticide for a long period of time. And they remain mainly in the back of the animals, where the concentration of active ingredient released by the ear-tags is rather high. Biting Lice are also exposed to topical insecticides for a long period of time because they never leave the host. In contrast with the behavior of horn & buffalo flies, stable flies bite the treated animals anywhere in their bodies (often in the legs) and remain attached and thus exposed to the insecticide only during their blood meals that last a few seconds or minutes, which is often too short to kill them. The same applies to face flies: they remain on cattle only for short periods of time.
DISCLAIMER
This article IS NOT A PRODUCT LABEL. It offers complementary information that may be useful to veterinary professionals and users that are not familiar with veterinary antiparasitics.
Information offered in this article has been extracted from publications issued by manufacturers, government agencies (e.g. EMEA, FDA, USDA, etc.) or in the scientific literature. No guarantee is given on its accuracy, integrity, sufficiency, actuality and opportunity, and any liability is denied. Read the site's DISCLAIMER.
In case of doubt contact the manufacturer or a veterinary professional.